[Course Management] 골프 코스
Golf Course Design 과목 노트 정리
골프코스 설계나 디자인 분야에 대해 얼마나 아시고 계시는지요?
골프코스가 어떻게, 어떠한 모습으로 진화되었고, 설계자의 어떤 의도로 만들어졌는지 관심을 가져 보신 적이 있으신지요?
골프 스윙도 중요하지만, 코스가 어떤 설계자의 아이디어로 설계되었는지 파악할 수 있다면 보다 쉽게 코스를 공략할 수 있습니다.
골프코스의 길이나 적당한 par가 어떤 것인지 논의하기 위하여 USGA/R&A 회의가 있기도 했습니다만, 장타자들에게는 모두 무의미한 것이 되어 왔습니다. 골프코스 디자인은 다양한 해석이 가능하지만, 묵시적으로 표준화되어있고 동시대의 관습적인 형태를 벗어난다면 비난받기 일수입니다. 어느 정도 통일화된 모습이 있기 때문에 분류가 가능합니다.
아래 내용은 'Golf Course Architecture,'라는 책(Dr. Michael J.Hurdzan, - WILEY-)의 내용 중 몇몇 주요 내용을 발췌/정리한 것입니다.
Laying Out Golf Courses
자연훼손을 최소화하고 자연적인 모습 그대로 골프코스를 구성하는 것을 'laid out' 되었다고 표현합니다. 이러한 디자인 방법을 Old Tom Morris, Wille Park, Jr. Tom Bendelow 등 유명한 코스 설계자들이 디자인하였지요. 대량의 땅파기나 채굴 작업등의 인공적인 코스 설계가 대중화되기 이전 골프장 설계 방식입니다.
확실히 최근의 골프코스 설계나 구축은 매우 복잡하고 비용과 시간이 투자되어야 합니다.
여러분들은 어떤 형태의 골프장을 좋아하시나요? 자연적이지만 투박한 형태의 골프장? 혹은 인공적이지만 화려한 골프장? 두 가지 요소가 잘 조화된 골프장?...
Building a Golf Course
'Building a Golf Course'의 개념은 1800년대 후반부터 시작되었습니다. 1908년 C.B.McDonald가 구체적인 plan과 note 등을 사용하여 'The National Golf Links on eastern Long Island, New York'을 설계한 것이 대표적이지요. McDonald는 civil engineer(도시공학자)였던 Seth Raynor를 고용하여 그와 함께 최근까지 활용되는 골프코스 디자인 및 설계 방안을 정리하였습니다.
Contemporary Golf Course Architecture
2차 세계대전이후의 기술력의 발달로 인해 예전부터 사용해오던 dynamite나 폭파물들의 성능을 대체하는 'High-explosives'의 시대로 접어들어 골프장 구축이 상대적으로 쉽고 용이해 집니다. 이런 새로운 기술력은 적은 비용으로 예전 사람들(1920년대 골프 코스 설계자들)이 상상하지도 못했던 골프장 구축을 가능하게 만들어 주었습니다. 이로인해 'golf course design process가 'architecture'의 형태로 정착되게 되는 것이지요.
'Architected' Golf courses는 civil engineers(도시공학자), landscape architects(조경사), land planners 로 교육받고 훈련된 사람들에 의해 시작되었으며 Robert Trent Jones, Robert Bruce Harris, Dick Wilson등이 대표적인 Architect들입니다.
Golf Course Design as a Distinct Discipline
Golf Course Architecture는 특화되고 구별된 전문 분야입니다. 앞서 설명드린 civil engineering, landscape architecture, land planning, structural architecture 등과도 엄연하게 구분됩니다. 각각의 분야와 설계라는 점에서 자연스레 비슷한 부분이 있을런지 모르지만 골프코스를 만드는데 필요한 노하우나 기술에 있어서는 전혀 다른 전문분야입니다.
Golf Course Architect는 환경영향도, 건축기술 및 유지보수 관련 경험, 마케팅전략, 건축/설계 관련 공공기관 승인/허가 법규 및 절차에 대한 노하우, 골프규칙 및 골프 게임에 대한 노하우 등 다양한 분야의 지식도 필요로 합니다.
이러한 것은 교육프로그램이나 학원/학교에서 모두 습득할 수 없는 기술들 입니다.
Evolving Golf Course Design Philosophies - Minimalism
Golf Course Design Philosophies는 과거 10~20년 사이에 태동되었습니다. Philosophy중 하나는 'Minimalism' 입니다. 'LESS is MORE'라는 신념하에 골프코스 구축에 있어서, 땅이나 흙의 이동을 최소화 하고, 가장 단순하고 자연스러운 형태로 구축하자는 철학입니다.
1920년대의 클래식한 미국 코스나 매력적이고 전통적인 유럽의 links course 형태를 구현하며 번영을 누립니다.
Tom Doak(1961~), Bill Coore(1945~), Donald Steel(1937~) Gil Hanse(1963~)가 대표적인 minimalist입니다.
바람, 물 또는 빙하와 같은 천혜의 자연이 만들어낸 자연 조건을 그대로 살려 낮은 비용으로 골프장을 구축하는 장점이 있습니다. Sand Hills of Nebraska, Oregon Coast near Bandon 등이 예입니다.
장점이 약점이 될 수 있습니다. site에 제한적이므로 많은 코스를 대량 생산해 낼 수 없습니다.
Extravagantism
또다른 golf course design philosophy로서 'Extravagantism'이 있습니다. 모방, 특수효과, 비현실적인 것을 추구하는 Hollywood정신에서 비롯된 철학입니다.
Florida와 같은 평야지대에서 12m높이정도의 인공 폭포를 건설한다거나 이러한 특수한 효과들이 골프코스와 잘 어우러져서 골퍼들에게 인상적인 느낌을 전달하기를 바라는 설계자의 의도입니다.
Extravagant Minimalism
위 두가지 철학의 변종(?)입니다. Pete Dye가 Whistling Straights in Wisconsin에서 만들어낸 효과에서 비롯되었다고 합니다. Pete Dye는 자연스럽게 보이게 하기위한 방법으로 평지를 만든다거나 인공호수를 만들어 많은 비용을 투입합니다. minimalistic 하게 보이기위한 illusion을 만드는, 설계자의 마음대로 골프코스를 디자인 하는 실제적인 설계가 이루어 집니다.
Blurring of Design Theories
골프코스 설계나 디자인 철학이 위와같이 구분 되다가(The Classification of Design Theory),
시간이 지남에 따라 각 요소들 별로 명확한 구분이 사라지면서 hybrid 형태로 설계가 구현됩니다.
뒤죽박죽 설계가 이루어 지는 것이지요. 최근 문제가 되고있는 환경적인 요소와 땅의 이용에 대한 규제가 원인이 됩니다. 설계 인증 및 합법적인 설계를 위해서는 전통적인 설계 테마나 원하고자 하는 설계 방향을 고집할 수 없고 규제나 절차에 타협해야 구축이 가능하기 때문입니다.
예로부터 구분되어지는 Design Theory는 아래와 같습니다.
1. Penal (requiring forced carries)
2. Strategic (offering multiple play lines)
3. Heroic (bit-off as much as you can chew play lines)
4. Freeway (all hazards are side hazards)
제가 골프코스 설계에 대해 이야기 하고자 하는 바가 바로 위의 4가지 입니다.
대부분의 골프장 골프코스는 위 4가지의 설계이론을 바탕으로 만들어 집니다.
설계자가 어떤 의도로 만들었는지 위 4가지로 구분/이해하시어 코스 정복을 위한 전략에 활용하시기 바랍니다. 의도대로 순응하시든지, 아니면 거슬러 정복하시든지...
마지막 한가지 더 추가한다면
5. Visual Architects가 있습니다. 어떤 전략이나 설계 목표 없이 그냥 코스가 눈에 보기에 아름답게 꾸미기 위한 설계입니다.
What is Golf Course Architecture?
Golf Architecture가 무엇이냐고요? 마지막에서는 4.25인치 홀컵을 제외한 모든 골프코스를 자유롭게 표현한 예술의 한 형태라고 결론을 짓네요.
'What is golf course architecture? I would say it is a form of free, artistic expression of the area where golf is played, with the only fixed constraint being the size of the cup which is 4 1/4 inches.'
제 Brunch에 Golf Course Design & Architecture와 관련한 아래 내용을 차례로 설명드릴 수 있도록 하겠습니다.
* Geographic Setting (예. Links(Seaside), Prairie, Parkland, Desert, Mountain, or Tropical)
* School of Design (예. Natural, Penal, Strategic, Heroic, Freeway, Framing)
* Teeing Ground (예. Multiple, Staggered, Runway)
* Fairway Shapes (예. Flat(Baseline), Mounded, Rolling, Tilted)
* Fairway Styles (예. Liner, Dogleg, Corridor, Island, Split Fairway(horizontal or vertical))
* Bunkering Types (예. Carry, Collection, Definition, Directional, or Target, Face, Pot, Saving, Waste)
* Bunkering Patterns (예. Centeral, Cluster, Cross, Framing or Bracketing, Staggered, Surrounding)
* Green Complex Type (예. Alternate Gree, Biarritz Green, Bowled Green, Contoured Green, Crowned Green, Decked Green, Elevated Green, Flat, Punchbowl Green, Redan Green, Sloped Green, Tilted)
Golf Course 관련 몇몇 용어정리
Alternate Greens
Definition: When two different greens are constructed for the same golf hole, the hole is saidto have "alternate greens." This is unusual, but not unheard of, on18-hole courses. However, where alternate greens are more often (but stillinfrequently) used is on 9-hole courses. Golfers might play to one set of greens (say, marked with blue flags on the pin) during the first nine and thesecond set of greens (say, marked with red flags) on the second round. In thatway, the 9-hole course offers a different look on the second go-round.
Apron
Definition: Theclosely mowed area around a putting green, between the putting surface and anyrough that might also surround the green. Another term for "fringe."Sometimes called the "collar," but not always accurately. Collar and fringemay be the same thing in many instances, but a collar is not necessarily asclosely mowed as an apron. A collar may refer to a collar of rough, forinstance; the apron (or fringe) is always very closely mowed. Also Known As:Fringe, froghair (seriously).
Bail-Out Area(Side Angle Tie-In)
Definition: An area built into a golf hole that is designed to serve as the target for weaker or shorter players when better players will be playing a riskier shot. Picture ahole where the approach to the green is across water. Better players might playstraight at the green, flying the hazard. But a weaker player probably won't beable to pull off the shot. So the course designer builds into the hole anextension of the fairway short of the green, to the side of the water hazard,so that weaker players have a safer shot to attempt. That's an example of a bail-out area.
Barranca
Definition: "Barranca"is a term that describes a physical feature of the land on which a golf courseis built. A barranca is a dry ditch, gully or ravine that is filled with rocks.Sometimes barrancas are a mixture of smaller rocks, sandy soil and desertplants. When barrancas are present on a golf course, they usually arepositioned to cross a fairway. How they are played is usually covered in localrules, but the norm is for a barranca to play as a hazard.
Bentgrass
Definition: Thegrass of choice for putting greens in any climate in which it can be grown.Bentgrass is characterized by very thin blades which grow densely and can bevery closely mown, resulting in a felt-like smoothness to the putting surface.Bentgrasses are tolerant of cold, but not too fond of heat. Many courses inhotter climates use a different type of grass, although some spend a lot oftime and money keeping bentgrass alive (some even install sub-green coolingsystems).
Also Known As: Bent
Biarritz(Biarritz Green)
Definition: Abiarritz, or biarritz green, is a green that features a deep gully bisectingits middle. The gully, which is manicured the same as the rest of the green,usually runs from side-to-side, but sometimes runs from front to back. Abiarritz is especially challenging when the hole is cut on one side of thegully and your ball is sitting on the other side, requiring a long putt thatmust travel down the gully then up its other side to reach the hole. Somegolfers choose to pitch over the gully rather than putt through it.
The name"biarritz" comes from the golf course in France where the first-knownbiarritz was constructed, Biarritz Golf Club. The club's La Phare Course ishome to the original biarritz.
“Cape” of the bunker?
The cape is the crown of grass thatcomes over the top of the bunker, the mound on the back side of the bunker thatadds some elevation change. If those capes are very steep and dramatic, theyare probably a little more difficult to maintain. Could be a little more manuallabor, raking of the sand and some hand mowing.
Cape Hole
Definition: A"cape hole" is one that features water down its entire length on oneside only, and whose fairway curves around that water to the green. The curveis often slight (not rising to the level of a dogleg), but the golfer may be faced with a decision on whether toattempt cutting the corner of the water hazard where the fairway bends. Capeholes are usually found on par-4s.
Contoured Greens
Definition: Simply enough, "contoured greens"are putting greens that have a lot of contour, or undulation, in their surface. Because ofthose contours in their surface, contoured greens are ones on which a golfershould expect to find a lot of breaking, as opposed to straight, putts."The contoured greens on this golf course lead to a lot of breakingputts."
Crowned Green
Definition: Acrowned green is one whose center is higher than its sides, so that the greenslopes down from its middle to its edges.
The term"crowned," meaning sloping away from the center or middle line, canalso be applied to other parts of the course such as a teeing ground orfairway, but is most commonly applied to putting greens.
Also Known As: Domedgreen
Double Cut(or Double-Cut Greens)
Definition: "Doublecut" is an adjective referring to putting greens; "doublecutting" is the verb that refers to the action taken. A "doublecut" green is one that has been mowed twice in the same day, usuallyback-to-back in the morning (although a superintendent may choose to mow oncein the morning and once in the late afternoon or evening). The second mowing isusually in a direction perpendicular to the first mowing. Double cutting is oneway a golf course superintendant can increase the speed of the putting greens.So when a golfer (or someone outside the golf course maintenance staff) refersto "double-cut greens," it is usually within the context of greenspeeds.
Examples: "Theydouble-cut the greens today so they'll be rolling fast."
"These aredouble-cut greens, so watch your speed."
Also Known As: Doublecutting, double-cut greens
Double Green
Definition: A verylarge green that serves as the green for two different holes on the golfcourse. Double greens have two holes and two flagsticks, and are large enoughto accommodate two different groups of golfers playing the green simultaneously(each playing their own hole, of course).
Dogleg
Definition: Thisterm refers to the direction of an individual golf hole. Many holes arestraightaway from the tee box to the green. However, some holes bend, usuallynear the middle, in one direction or the other. A hole that bends is called adogleg. If the hole turns to the left, it is called a "dogleg left."If it turns to the right, it is called a "dogleg right." The changeof direction of a dogleg usually occurs near the point where a good drive isexpected to land. A hole that bends twice - first one direction, then another -is a "double dogleg" (only par-5s are long enough to be true doubledoglegs).
Elevated Green
Definition: Anelevated green is one that is elevated, higher than its surrounding area. Thisoften means that the sides of the green slope upward to a putting surface thatis higher than its surrounds. The term "elevated green" also appliesto a green that is higher than the elevation of its fairway; or, on a par-3, agreen that is higher than the teeing ground.
False Front
Definition: "Falsefront" refers to the front part of a green that slopes down toward thefairway. Such a feature is called a "false front" because a golf ballthat hits such a false front is most likely to roll backwards, down into thefairway. The false front makes the front landing area of the green appearcloser than it is. Therefore, the ball must carry beyond the front of the greenin order to remain on the putting surface.
Fescue
Definition: Fescueis a type of grass found on golf courses. Fescue is usually found in the secondcut of rough or beyond. It is a sturdy grass that turns golden and can growthree feet high. Fescue is sometimes, but rarely, used as the fairway grass (such as at WhistlingStraits). Fescue is most common on golfcourses that are in coastal regions of the U.S. and Great Britain.
Forced Carry
Definition: A"forced carry" is a situation that requires a golfer to hit his shotover a hazard in order to advance his ball. For example, a water hazard thatcrosses from one side of the fairway to another. There is no option to play outto the side of such a hazard, or go around it. The only option is to carry yourshot over it. Hence, the term "forced carry."
Fringe
Definition: Aclosely mowed area of grass immediately off the putting surface and surroundingthe green. Grass in the fringe is higher than that on the green, but is muchlower than the rough that would be farther off the green. Players will oftenstill use their putters when their ball has come to rest on the fringe.Sometimes called a collar, but not always accurately. Collar and fringe may bethe same thing in many instances, but a collar is not necessarily as closelymowed as a fringe. A collar may refer to a collar of rough, for instance;fringe is always closely mowed.
Also Known As: Apron,frog hair
Froghair
Definition: "Froghair"is a golf slang term for the fringe, the closely mown grass that surrounds agreen.
Also Known As: Frog's hair,fringe, apron
Goat Track
Definition: "Goattrack" is a golf slang term that, like its synonym dog track, is a derogatory term. It refers to a golf course thatis in poor condition.
Also Known As: Dogtrack
Gorse
Definition: A termgolfers hear every year during the British Open, because British links coursesare often lined with it. Gorse is a term applied to very thick, gnarly highrough, often more akin to shrubbery than grass. It's also often prickly, andalways very difficult to play out of.
Grain
Definition: Thedirection in which the individual blades of grass are growing on a golf course.The term is most commonly applied to the green, where the grain can affectputts. A putt struck against the grain will be slower; a putt struck with thegrain will be faster. If the grain is running across the line of the putt, itcan cause the putt to move in the direction of the grain.
Grass Bunker
Definition: A grassbunker is a depression on the golf course that is filled with grass (usually inthe form of thick rough) rather than sand. Grass bunkers are not considered hazards under the rules. So, for example,grounding a club - which is not allowed in a sand bunker - is OK in a grassbunker.
Heather
Definition: Acatch-all term for tall, thin grasses that border the primary rough (or in somecases, comprise the primary rough) on a golf course. A golf course's heathercan be quite attractive blowing back and forth in the wind ... unless your balllands in it.
Links
Definition: Manygolfers use "links" and "golf course" interchangeably. But"links" is actually a specific type of golf course.
A traditional linkscourse will have many - perhaps all - of the following features:
· The course is built along the seaside
· The soil is sandy and drains easily
· The course is laid out naturally, so that unusual bumps andslopes in the fairways and greens remain, rather than being smoothed over
· The rough features natural seaside grasses
· Bunkers are numerous, very small and very deep (to keep theseaside breezes from blowing the sand away)
· Fairways are rarely (if ever) watered and play firm and fast
· Links courses usually have few if any trees
· The course routes out and back. The No. 1 hole begins at theclubhouse and the front nine plays straight out so that No. 9 is farthest holefrom the clubhouse; the direction turns back in at No. 10 and the course endswith No. 18 back at the clubhouse.
Poa
Definition: A genusof bluegrasses and not uncommon as a golf course turf. According to the GolfCourse Superintendents Association of America, poa pratensis "is thespecies name for Kentucky bluegrass. Poa annua is annual bluegrass species.There's also Poa trivialis (rough bluegrass) and Poa compressa (Canadabluegrass)."
Pot Bunker
Definition: Asmall, round but very deep bunker with steep faces common to links-typecourses. British Open courses are famous for their pot (sometimes calledpothole) bunkers, most of them greenside and many of them so deep that a personstanding on the green may not be able to see the player standing in the bunker.It's also not uncommon for pot bunkers to be unseen from the tee.
Also Known As: Potholebunkers
Primary Rough
Definition: The"primary rough" is that rough which is the highest, thickest and mostpunitive. The primary rough is outside of the "first cut," whichborders the fairway. Sometimes a "second cut" of intermediate heightis between the first cut and primary rough; the primary rough then makes up theremaining rough on the hole.
Also Known As: Primarycut, or primary cut of rough
Punchbowl Green
Definition: A"punchbowl green" is one that sits beneath the level of its fairway,with mounding around it so that golf balls are funneled down to the puttingsurface.
Redan Hole
Definition: A redanhole - or, simply, redan - is a type of golf hole that is among the most copiedon golf courses around the world. The key is the green and greens complex.
· A redan hole is typically a par-3. Its green is wider than it isdeep and angles diagonally away from the tee box right-to-left (that is, theleft side of the green is farther from the tee box than the right side). Aredan hole's green slopes from front-to-back and from right to left, and isprotected by bunkers on the left and right fronts.
· Redan holes are so-called because they are all copies of theoriginal, which is No. 15 on the West Links at North Berwick Golf Links inScotland. That hole is named "Redan."
Rough
Definition: Theareas outside of fairways that generally features higher, thicker grass ornaturally growing (unkept and unmowed) vegetation. Rough is designed to bepunitive to players who miss the fairways. It can vary in height and thicknessdepending on its location on the course, and often is found around bunkers andgreens in addition to fairways. The "first cut of rough" is a termapplied to rough just off the fairway that is higher than the fairway but lowerthan the "second cut of rough." You guessed it - the "second cutof rough" is the really thick stuff. Most upscale courses use a"first cut" and "second cut;" many others simply have onevariety of rough throughout the course.
Routing
Definition: "Routing"is the term applied to the path that a golf course follows from its first teeto its 18th green.
Signature Hole
Definition: Theterm "signature hole" is nothing more than a marketing term, althoughit's now been adopted by golf media and fans. The "signature hole" ata golf course is the one hole that the course has decided is most aestheticallypleasing and most photogenic. A signature hole may or may not be representativeof the golf course as a whole, but because it is so pretty or dramatic it isthe hole featured in the golf course's advertising and marketing efforts. Andsince that becomes the hole area golfers are most familiar with, the signaturehole then gets talked about by golf media and fans. Some courses go evenfarther these days and claim two signature holes. As in: "Ourcourse is so good, we couldn't pick just one!" Within the next few years,expect to see a golf course advertising itself like this: "Come play ourcourse - it's so good we have eighteen signature holes!"
Sod
Definition: Turfgrassand the soil it has taken root in, usually in squares or rolls, that can beplanted as a piece on a golf course. (Imagine putting tile down in a kitchen.)To put down sod on a course is called "sodding."
Split Fairway
Definition: Afairway that is split. That is, the fairway branches into two separate fairwayseach approaching the same green. The fairway may be split by a natural feature,such as a creek or ravine. Or the feature that splits the fairway may bemanmade, such as a waste bunker, mounding, or simply a long patch of rough. Whenfaced with a split fairway, the golfer must assess which presents the best pathto the hole.
Also Known As: Doublefairway
Stimp
Definition: The"Stimp" of the green is a measurement of how fast the greens are, asdetermined by use of a Stimpmeter. A Stimp of 9 means that the green measuredat 9’ when using the Stimpmeter. The higher the Stimp, the faster the greens.Stimp readings of 10 and higher are considered fast. Twelve would be extremelyfast - as fast as most professional tournaments see.
Also Known As: Stimpreading, Stimp rating
Examples: Thestimp of the greens at Augusta is 13 or higher. The greens at XYZ Golf Coursestimp at 10.
Stimpmeter
Definition: Adevice used to measure the speed of greens. It's very low-tech, essentiallyjust a small metal ramp that is angled down to a flat part of a putting green.A golf ball is released down the ramp. How far the ball rolls determines the"stimp" or stimp rating of the green, which is a measurement of greenspeed. The farther the ball rolls, the faster the greens. The Stimpmeter wasinvented by a fellow named Eddie Stimpson, but it wasn't until the USGA adoptedand modified the device in 1978 that it was accepted as a universal method formeasuring green speed.
Stymie
Definition: Thestymie is an archaic part of golf that was included in singles match play untilit was eliminated from the Rules of Golf in 1952.
When "stymies"were in effect, golf balls on the green were not marked and lifted in singlesmatch play unless the two balls were within six inches of each other. A"stymie" occurred when another ball was directly in the putting lineof your ball. Since that ball was not lifted (unless it was within 6 inches ofyour ball), you'd have to putt over or around it.
Your options would be toslice or draw your putt around the ball in the way, or chip or pop your ball upover the offending ball. If your ball struck your opponent's ball, your ballwould be played as it lies. But your opponent would have the option of puttinghis ball from its new position, or replacing it at its previous position. Andif your ball knocked your opponent's ball into the cup, your opponent wasconsidered to have holed out. You can still occasionally catch footage ofplayers dealing with stymies in broadcasts of pre-1952 match play matches, suchas the PGA Championship.
Teeing Ground
Definition: Whereevery hole starts, from which you hit your drive or tee shot. The teeing groundfor a particular set of tees is two club lengths in depth. The ball must beteed between the markers that define the teeing ground's width. "Teeingground" refers to one set of tees. Most courses have at least three setsof tees, some have more than twice that many, and the areas where several setsof tees are grouped together are called "tee boxes." So tee boxes aregroups of teeing grounds.
Waste AreaBunker
Definition: A wastearea bunker is a sandy area, usually very large, that might also have rocks,pebbles, shells or various types of vegetation in it. Unless otherwise coveredby a local rule, a waste area bunker is not a hazard under the Rules of Golf.So when in a waste area bunker, golfers may do things - such as ground the club- they could not do in a normal waste bunker.
Also Known As: Oftenused interchangeably with "waste area."
