To Have or To Be?
에리히 프롬이 구분한 존재적 실존양식과 소유적 실존양식
"To Have or To Be" is a thought-provoking essay by Erich Fromm, a German psychoanalyst, and social philosopher, that challenges the prevailing materialistic culture of modern society. In this work, Fromm examines the fundamental question of what it means to live a fulfilling life and argues that there are two distinct modes of existence: the having mode and the being mode.
The having mode of existence is characterized by an insatiable desire for possessions, wealth, and power. It is a mode of living that values material objects above all else and sees happiness as a product of what one possesses. In the having mode, people are primarily concerned with acquiring more and more, and they measure their success and self-worth by the amount of wealth and possessions they accumulate.
On the other hand, the being mode of existence emphasizes the importance of human relationships, personal growth, and self-realization. This mode of living values experiences, creativity, and a sense of belonging, over material possessions. In the being mode, people are concerned with developing their inner selves and creating meaningful relationships with others, rather than accumulating wealth and status.
Fromm argues that modern society has become increasingly dominated by the having mode of existence, to the detriment of the being mode. He believes that this emphasis on materialism has led to a range of social problems, including widespread anxiety, loneliness, and a sense of meaninglessness. He suggests that people can counteract this trend by adopting a more being-oriented approach to life, emphasizing personal relationships and growth rather than material possessions.
Fromm's essay is relevant to contemporary society, where many people are consumed by the pursuit of wealth and material possessions. In such a culture, it is easy to lose sight of what is truly important in life, such as relationships, personal growth, and community. Fromm's work challenges us to question our own priorities and to consider whether we are living in the having or the being mode of existence.
In conclusion, Erich Fromm's "To Have or To Be" offers a compelling critique of modern society's preoccupation with material possessions and wealth. He argues that a shift towards a being mode of existence, which values personal growth and human relationships, is necessary for individuals to live fulfilling and meaningful lives. Fromm's insights remain relevant today, reminding us to reflect on our own values and priorities and to seek a more meaningful existence.
