국제기구에 문을 두드리기까지

유엔 경쟁력 (UN Competencies, 6편 1부)

1.  UN의 핵심가치, 핵심역량 및 경영역량 

사무총장의 전반적인 인적 자원 관리 개혁 노력의 맥락에서, 참여 과정은 조직의 핵심 가치와 핵심 및 관리 역량을 정의하고자 하였다. 

조직의 핵심 가치는 직원의 행동과 행동을 조직의 사업을 뒷받침하고 관련 정보의 공유함을 원칙으로 하는 것이다. 

핵심 역량은 조직원의 수준이나 기능에 관계없이 모든 직원의 필요한 기술, 특성 및 행위 등의 조합하는 것이다.  

경영 역량은 직원을 관리하는 관리자들에게 필요한 추가적인 능력, 특성과 행위이다. 

유엔의 경쟁력은 인터뷰과 사무 차장을 포함한 각 직급별 직원이 참여 프로세스를  사용하여 유엔의 3 가지 핵심 가치, 8가지  핵심 경량과 6가지 관리 역량을 포함하는 모델을 개발하였다. 이래의 표에서 모델에 대한 자세한 사항을  보여주고 있다.

CORE VALUES AND COMPETENCIES OF UN PERSONNEL (1/3)

CORE VALUES AND COMPETENCIES OF UN PERSONNEL (2/3)

CORE VALUES AND COMPETENCIES OF UN PERSONNEL (3/3)

2. 국제기구 인사담당자 의견 

국제기구는 많은 젊은이들에게 선망의 직장 중 하나다. 그러나 지레 겁부터 먹고 제대로 시도조차 못하는 경우가 대부분이다. 국제기구 입사를 위해 어떤 준비를 해야 하는지 국제기구 인사담당자들과 좌담회를 열었다. 참석자들은 공통적으로 "한국인들은 모두가 뛰어난 역량을 갖고 있다"며 "본인이 스스로 갇혀 있는 틀만 깨면 된다"라고 조언했다. 아래의 우리의 문제점에 대해 생각해 보자.

채용 인터뷰 때 자신감 없어 국제기구 인사 담당자들은 한국인 직원들이 탁월한 업무 능력을 보여주고 있다고 입을 모았다. 안나 마리아(Anna Maria) 세계은행(World Bank) 채용과장은 "한국인들은 업무 이해도가 빠르고 무척 열정이 있다"며 "많은 한국인들을 뽑고 싶고 모든 사람들에게 기회가 열려 있다는 말을 해주고 싶다"라고 말했다. 또 후앙 보가(Juan Borga) 미주개발은행(IDB) 인사 담당 선임역은 "한국인들은 새로운 것을 빨리 배우는 게 가장 큰 장점"이라며 "지식도 많고 업무 준비가 잘 돼 있어 무척 빨리 적응한다"라고 설명했다

하지만 한국인들은 인터뷰 때 이런 장점을 제대로 부각하지 못한다. 패트릭 반 호이트(Patrick van Haute) OECD 인사 담당 이사는 "한국인들은 일단 들어오면 '워커홀릭'이라 불릴 만큼 대단한 성실성을 보여주지만 채용 인터뷰 때는 무척 자신감이 없어 보인다"라고 말했다. 그는 "다른 나라 사람들은 가진 게 없어도 자신감에 차있는데 한국인들은 인터뷰 기계처럼 정형화된 말만 반복한다"며 "근본적인 인터뷰 트레이닝이 필요하다"라고 지적했다. 다니엘 조지(Daniel Jorge) 국제금융공사(IFC) 인사과장은 "한국인들은 입사에 필요한 모든 것을 갖고 있는데 한국 특유의 수직적 문화로 인해 인터뷰 때 자신감이 없어 보인다"라고 말했다.

전문성이 첫 번째이다. 국제기구 입사 열기는 전 세계적으로 무척 뜨겁다. 경쟁률이 보통 수백 대 1을 넘는다. 호이트 OECD 이사는 "채용 때마다 다르지만 경쟁률이 최고 300대 1을 넘을 때도 있다"라고 밝혔다. 조지 국제금융공사 과장은 "100명 정도를 선발하면 5000명 이상이 지원할 때가 대부분"이라고 했다. 선발의 첫 번째 기준은 전문성이다. 금융, 개발, 마케팅, 회계, 보안 등 어떤 분야에서건 전문성만 갖추면 누구나 국제기구 직원이 될 수 있다. 학위나 국적 등은 부차적이다

마리아 세계은행 과장은 "기본적인 자격 조건 외에 전문성을 중점적으로 본다"며 "전문 분야에서 일한 경력이 있는 사람을 선호한다"라고 말했다. 그는 "전문성과 더불어 열정, 국제적 감각, 성실성, 리더십을 본다"라고 덧붙였다

국제금융기구 채용 박람회’에 참석한 국제기구 인사담당자들

원하는 국제기구 트위터 팔로잉을 해 두어야 한다. 국제기구 취업 정보를 얻기 위해서는 취직하려는 국제기구 홈페이지는 물론 공식 페이스북, 트위터 등에 모두 등록해 놔야 한다. 마리아 세계은행 과장은 "최근에는 페이스북 등 소셜미디어를 알림 창구로 적극 활용하고 있다"고 말했다. 등록 정보를 본 채용 담당자들이 먼저 연락해 올 때도 있다. 타임스, 이코노미스트 등 주요 외국 신문·잡지에 채용 공고가 나올 때도 많아 챙겨 봐야 한다. 경력 없이 졸업하자마자 국제기구에 입사하는 방법으로 YPP(영 프로페셔널 프로그램)란 제도가 있다. 대졸 공채와 비슷한 제도이다. OECD의 경우 연간 300명 정도를 선발하는데 YPP를 통해 매년 6명 정도를 뽑는다

국제기구 채용 담당자들은 글로벌 재정위기에도 불구, 채용 인원을 줄이지 않고 있다고 말했다. 호이트 이사는 "OECD 예산의 85%가 인건비인데 아직 삭감 얘기가 나오지 않고 있다"며 "우리는 여전히 사람을 필요로 하고 계속 뽑아나갈 것"이라고 말했다. 쉬 ADB 이사는 "많은 국제기구들은 위기 때 할 일이 더 많아진다"며 "인원을 계속 늘려나갈 것"이라고 말했다.

3. 인터뷰 시 자주 묻는 질의 사항 및 예상 답변

아래의 질문은 인터뷰 시 자주 묻는 질의 사항 및 질의에 대한 답변을 정리해 둔 것이다. 그러나 이러한 질문이 반드시 나온다는 보장은 없지만 최소한 이 정도의 일반적인 사항은 숙지하면 도움이 될 것이다.

Q1. In September 2000, world leaders agreed to a set of developmental goals, each of which has a time- table and a measurable target. These objectives are now called the Millennium Development Goals. List four of these quantified goals.

A1 : The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were officially established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve these goals by the year 2015. The goals are:    

1. eradicating extreme poverty and hunger,

2. achieving universal primary education,

3. promoting gender equality and empowering women

4. reducing child mortality rates,

5. improving maternal health,

6. combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases,

7. ensuring environmental sustainability, and

8. developing a global partnership for development

Q2 : The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural organization (UNESCO) recently announced that 18 new sites have been added to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Briefly describe what a Biosphere Reserve is and give two examples.

A2 : Vision

The World Network of Biosphere Reserves of the MAB Programme consists of a dynamic and interactive network of sites of excellence. It fosters the harmonious integration of people and nature for sustainable development through participatory dialogue; knowledge sharing; poverty reduction and human well-being improvements; respect for cultural values and society’s ability to cope with change - thus contributing to the millennium Development Goals. Accordingly, the WNBR is one of the main international tools to develop and implement sustainable development approaches in a wide array of contexts.

A2 : Mission

To ensure environmental, economic and social (including cultural and spiritual) sustainability through:     

the development and      coordination of a worldwide network of places acting as demonstration      areas and learning sites with the aim of maintaining and developing      ecological and cultural diversity, and securing ecosystem services for      human well-being;

the development and      integration of knowledge, including science, to advance our understanding      of interactions between people and the rest of nature;

building global capacity      for the management of complex socio-ecological systems, particularly      through encouraging greater dialogue at the science-policy interface;      environmental education; and multi-media outreach to the wider community.

Q3 : Describe two ways in which women may become more involved in peace operations.

A3 : Female peacekeepers act as role models in the local environment, inspiring women and girls in often male-dominated societies to push for their own rights and for participation in peace processes.  The increased recruitment of women is critical for:    

empowering women in the      host community;

screening of female      ex-combatants;

assisting female      ex-combatants during the process of demobilizing and reintegration into      civilian life;

widening the net of      information gathering;

performing the cordon and      search of women;

interviewing survivors of      gender-based violence;

mentoring female cadets at      police and military academies;

interacting with women in      societies where women are prohibited from speaking to men.

Q4. The international community is assisting in a wide range of projects aimed at combating the high level of opium cultivation. Cite two types of activities that are being implemented to control cultivation.

A4 :  The Winter Rapid Assessment Survey has once again highlighted the direct correlation between poor security, lack of agricultural aid and opium poppy cultivation. Villages considered as lacking security and agricultural assistance were more likely to cultivate opium poppy in 2011 than villages regarded as secure and provided with agricultural assistance. Some 90 per cent of villages where security is poor are involved in opium poppy cultivation. Villages targeted by awareness campaigns to combat such cultivation were significantly less likely to grow opium poppy in 2011.

Drug control approaches addressed in this issue brief include:

Expansion of interdiction and enforcement activities to disrupt supply lines.

Expansion of efforts to reduce worldwide demand.

Expansion of economic disincentives for international drug trafficking. 

Q5. There is international concern with regard to weapons of mass destruction.

a) List the three (3) categories of weapons of mass destruction.

A5_a : A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans (and other life forms) and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e.g. buildings), natural structures (e.g. mountains), or the biosphere such as chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear. 

b) Briefly describe one example of an international Treaty that addresses this problem.

A5_b : An international treaty is usually negotiated between two (bilateral) or more (multilateral) states and typically enumerates the rights and duties each party has in reference to the issue being addressed. They are usually signed by the legitimate ruling administration of a sovereign state, but signing the treaty is not usually the last step taken in its approval; it also needs to be ratified in order for it to take effect. 

International biological, chemical, nuclear, and missile capabilities are covered under several treaties and agreements, including the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), and the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), among others. In addition, treaties declaring certain territories to be either entirely weapons-free—such as the Antarctic—or nuclear weapons-free—such as the Caribbean and Africa—are also in effect

Q6.   “Preventive Diplomacy”, was recently renamed by the United Nations’ Secretary General

as “Preventive Action”, since there are several forms of actions, other than diplomacy, that are now utilized to prevent conflicts. Briefly describe two of these preventive actions. What is preventive diplomacy? 

A6. In plain language, preventive diplomacy refers to diplomatic action taken to prevent disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of conflicts when they occur. While it is conducted in different forms and fora, both public and private, the most common expression of preventive diplomacy is found in the work of diplomatic envoys dispatched to crisis areas to encourage dialogue, compromise and the peaceful resolution of tensions. 

Preventive diplomacy can also encompass the involvement of the Security Council, the Secretary-General and other actors to discourage the use of violence at critical moments. At the United Nations, former Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld first articulated the concept of preventive diplomacy half a century ago. It has since evolved in response to new challenges and is increasingly applied by the United Nations, its Member States and partner organizations around the globe. 

Q7. Why is preventive diplomacy coming increasingly to the fore as an option? 

A7: First, because conflicts today are placing a heavy strain on war-torn societies and the  international community, claiming countless lives and often requiring costly security and  humanitarian engagements. According to the World Bank, the cost of civil war can be equivalent  to more than 30 years of economic growth. In the face of political tensions or  escalating crisis, preventive diplomacy is often one of the few options available, short of  coercive measures, to preserve peace. Successful engagements can stop crises before they spread, reducing the impacts and burdens of conflict.

Secondly, because there is a greater openness today to preventive action and an increase in national, regional and international capacities for preventive diplomacy. The past decade has seen a strengthening of preventive diplomacy both at the policy level and on the ground.  Regional organizations such as the African Union (AU), among others, have updated their doctrines so as to support more proactive diplomacy to protect democratic institutions and to  resolve political and security crises affecting member countries. At the United Nations, the 2005 World Summit expressed a renewed commitment to promoting a culture of prevention. As part of that broader undertaking, the General Assembly adopted in June 2011 a consensus  resolution on strengthening mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes.

Third, because these normative developments have paved the way for the creation of new preventive capacities around the world, including systems for crisis monitoring and early warning as well as flexible funding mechanisms for rapid reaction. Within the United Nations, a key development has been the strengthening of the Department of Political Affairs (DPA) and the establishment within this Department of a Mediation Support Unit that provides expertise to envoys and other mediators engaging in negotiations. The increased deployment of political missions by the United Nations and other organizations also provides a stronger platform for preventive diplomacy.

Q8. The Food and Agricultural Organization has announced a global partnership to promote

certain genetically modified crops. Briefly define a genetically modified or transgenic crop plant and cite three benefits of this technology.

A8 : Genetically modified crops (GM crops, or biotech crops) are plants, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques, which are then used in agriculture. Plants are also transgenically modified in scientific research; see genetically modified organism for discussion.

Genetic engineering techniques are much more precise than mutagenesis (mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or chemicals to create a non-specific but stable change. Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include selective breeding; plant breeding, and animal breeding, and somaclonal variation.

In most cases the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in this species. three benefits of this technology are     

resistance to certain      pests, diseases or

resistance to      environmental conditions, or

the production of a      certain nutrient or pharmaceutical agent.

Critics have objected to GM crops per se on several grounds, including ecological concerns, and economic concerns raised by the fact these organisms are subject to intellectual property law. GM crops also are involved in controversies over GM food with respect to whether food produced from GM crops is safe and whether GM crops are needed to address the world's food needs. 

Q9. The development of Africa has been the focus of international attention in recent years. Briefly explain four key areas for development in Africa.

A9: The key point made by the Tunis Consensus -– subtitled “from aid effectiveness to development effectiveness” is that “Aid is only one part of the solution to Africa’s development challenges.” The Tunis Consensus sets out a clear vision of Africa’s development priorities, organized around six key elements:    

Building capable states      that can deliver development results

Developing democratic      accountability on the basis of enhanced transparency and greater      involvement of parliaments and citizens in decision-making

Promoting south-south      cooperation and learning

Thinking and acting      regionally in terms of infrastructure and investment

Embracing new development      partners such as Brazil, China and India

Outgrowing aid dependence      through greater trade and investment and building fair and efficient tax      systems

Q10. Briefly discuss the three goals of the International Counter Terrorism Strategy.

A10 :  The Strategy sets out a plan of action for the international community based on four pillars:     

Measures to address the      conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism;

Measures to prevent and      combat terrorism;

Measures to build States’ capacity to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen the role of the United Nations system in this regard;

Measures to ensure respect      for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of      the fight against terrorism.

Q11.  The number of “internally displaced persons” in the world is continuously increasing. Choose one of the countries listed below as an example and explain why there is a situation of “internally displaced persons.” (Colombia, Rwanda, Georgia, East Timor)

A11: An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the current legal definition of a refugee. At the end of 2006 it was estimated there were 24.5 million IDPs in some 52 countries. The region with the largest IDP population is Africa with some 11.8 million in 21 countries

Q12. Television has become an important communications tool and a decisive factor in globalization. Briefly discuss how television can be a factor in globalization and provide two examples.

A12: Television can be a tremendous force for good. It can educate great numbers of people about the world around them. It can show us how much we have in common with our neighbours, near and far. And, it can shed light on the dark corners, where ignorance and hatred fester. The television industry is also in a unique position to promote mutual understanding and tolerance -– with content that tells the stories not just about the powerful, but about the powerless, and not just about life in the world’s richest pockets, but also in the developing countries that are home to the majority of the world’s population."

Television has become ubiquitous and is changing every aspect of how people live their lives. Recent advances in our ability to communicate and process information in digital form— a series of developments sometimes described as an "IT revolution"— are reshaping the economies and societies of many countries around the world.